diff --git a/lib/internal/process/permission.js b/lib/internal/process/permission.js
index 8dd92b1709b2..acfbab036bbb 100644
--- a/lib/internal/process/permission.js
+++ b/lib/internal/process/permission.js
@@ -3,17 +3,44 @@
 const {
   ArrayPrototypePush,
   ObjectFreeze,
+  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
 } = primordials;
 
 const permission = internalBinding('permission');
-const { validateString, validateBuffer } = require('internal/validators');
-const { Buffer } = require('buffer');
-const { isBuffer } = Buffer;
+const { validateString } = require('internal/validators');
+const { isUint8Array } = require('internal/util/types');
+const { isURL, fileURLToPath } = require('internal/url');
 
 let _permission;
 let _audit;
 let _ffi;
 
+function normalizeReference(scope, reference, name) {
+  if (reference == null) {
+    return reference;
+  }
+
+  if (isURL(reference)) {
+    // Reference is only meaningful for fs.* scopes (FSPermission does
+    // per-path checks); every other scope ignores it (BooleanPermission),
+    // so only fs.* scopes require a file: URL.
+    if (StringPrototypeStartsWith(scope, 'fs')) {
+      return fileURLToPath(reference);
+    }
+    return reference.href;
+  }
+
+  if (isUint8Array(reference)) {
+    // Passed through as-is: the native binding copies the raw bytes
+    // directly instead of forcing a (potentially lossy) UTF-8 string
+    // conversion, since paths are not guaranteed to be valid UTF-8.
+    return reference;
+  }
+
+  validateString(reference, name);
+  return reference;
+}
+
 module.exports = ObjectFreeze({
   __proto__: null,
   isEnabled() {
@@ -32,28 +59,11 @@ module.exports = ObjectFreeze({
   },
   has(scope, reference) {
     validateString(scope, 'scope');
-    if (reference != null) {
-      // TODO: add support for WHATWG URLs and Uint8Arrays.
-      if (isBuffer(reference)) {
-        validateBuffer(reference, 'reference');
-      } else {
-        validateString(reference, 'reference');
-      }
-    }
-
-    return permission.has(scope, reference);
+    return permission.has(scope, normalizeReference(scope, reference, 'reference'));
   },
   drop(scope, reference) {
     validateString(scope, 'scope');
-    if (reference != null) {
-      if (isBuffer(reference)) {
-        validateBuffer(reference, 'reference');
-      } else {
-        validateString(reference, 'reference');
-      }
-    }
-
-    permission.drop(scope, reference);
+    permission.drop(scope, normalizeReference(scope, reference, 'reference'));
   },
   availableFlags() {
     if (_ffi === undefined) {
diff --git a/src/permission/permission.cc b/src/permission/permission.cc
index 29449c0ec028..1fa26758e327 100644
--- a/src/permission/permission.cc
+++ b/src/permission/permission.cc
@@ -90,9 +90,12 @@ static void Drop(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   }
 
   if (args.Length() > 1 && !args[1]->IsUndefined()) {
-    Utf8Value utf8_arg(env->isolate(), args[1]);
-    if (utf8_arg.length() > 0) {
-      env->permission()->Drop(env, scope, utf8_arg.ToStringView());
+    // BufferValue copies raw bytes out of a Buffer/TypedArray as-is instead
+    // of forcing a (potentially lossy) UTF-8 string conversion, since paths
+    // are not guaranteed to be valid UTF-8.
+    BufferValue resource(env->isolate(), args[1]);
+    if (resource.length() > 0) {
+      env->permission()->Drop(env, scope, resource.ToStringView());
       return;
     }
   }
@@ -113,13 +116,16 @@ static void Has(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   }
 
   if (args.Length() > 1 && !args[1]->IsUndefined()) {
-    Utf8Value utf8_arg(env->isolate(), args[1]);
-    if (utf8_arg.length() == 0) {
+    // BufferValue copies raw bytes out of a Buffer/TypedArray as-is instead
+    // of forcing a (potentially lossy) UTF-8 string conversion, since paths
+    // are not guaranteed to be valid UTF-8.
+    BufferValue resource(env->isolate(), args[1]);
+    if (resource.length() == 0) {
       args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);
       return;
     }
     return args.GetReturnValue().Set(
-        env->permission()->is_granted(env, scope, utf8_arg.ToStringView()));
+      env->permission()->is_granted(env, scope, resource.ToStringView()));
   }
 
   return args.GetReturnValue().Set(env->permission()->is_granted(env, scope));
@@ -174,16 +180,22 @@ static bool FastHasResource(
     return false;
   }
 
-  Local<String> res_str;
-  if (!resource_arg->ToString(context).ToLocal(&res_str)) {
-    return false;
+  // The JS wrapper always calls this with 2 arguments, passing undefined
+  // when no resource was given, so this path (unlike Has()) has to check
+  // for that explicitly and fall back to the scope-only check.
+  if (resource_arg->IsUndefined()) {
+    return env->permission()->is_granted(env, scope);
   }
-  Utf8Value utf8_res(isolate, res_str);
-  if (utf8_res.length() == 0) {
+
+  // BufferValue is constructed directly from resource_arg (not from a
+  // pre-converted String) so that a Buffer/TypedArray's raw bytes are
+  // copied as-is instead of going through a lossy UTF-8 string conversion.
+  BufferValue resource(isolate, resource_arg);
+  if (resource.length() == 0) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  return env->permission()->is_granted(env, scope, utf8_res.ToStringView());
+  return env->permission()->is_granted(env, scope, resource.ToStringView());
 }
 
 static CFunction fast_has_methods_[] = {CFunction::Make(FastHas),
diff --git a/test/fixtures/permission/has-reference-types.js b/test/fixtures/permission/has-reference-types.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..191d8c439604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/permission/has-reference-types.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('url');
+
+const allowedDir = process.env.ALLOWED_DIR;
+const allowedFile = process.env.ALLOWED_FILE;
+const deniedFile = process.env.DENIED_FILE;
+
+// file: URL
+{
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('fs.read', pathToFileURL(allowedFile)), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('fs.read', pathToFileURL(deniedFile)), false);
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    process.permission.has('fs.read', new URL('https://example.com'));
+  }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_URL_SCHEME' });
+}
+
+// Non-fs scopes like net ignore the reference, so a non-file: URL must not be rejected here.
+{
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('net', new URL('https://example.com')), false);
+}
+
+// Uint8Array
+{
+  const allowedBytes = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(allowedFile));
+  const deniedBytes = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(deniedFile));
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('fs.read', allowedBytes), true);
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('fs.read', deniedBytes), false);
+
+  // Must respect byteOffset/byteLength, not read from the start of the buffer.
+  const padded = Buffer.concat([Buffer.from('padding-'), Buffer.from(allowedFile)]);
+  const view = new Uint8Array(padded.buffer, padded.byteOffset + 8, allowedFile.length);
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('fs.read', view), true);
+}
+
+// drop() only matches the exact granted path (the directory), not a file inside it.
+{
+  process.permission.drop('fs.read', pathToFileURL(allowedDir));
+  assert.strictEqual(process.permission.has('fs.read', pathToFileURL(allowedFile)), false);
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-has-reference-types.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-has-reference-types.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8509046dc5ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-has-reference-types.js
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+'use strict';
+
+// Test that process.permission.has()/drop() accept a URL or Uint8Array reference.
+
+require('../common');
+const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const { isMainThread } = require('worker_threads');
+
+if (!isMainThread) {
+  process.exit(0);
+}
+
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+
+tmpdir.refresh();
+
+const allowedDir = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'allowed');
+const deniedDir = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'denied');
+fs.mkdirSync(allowedDir);
+fs.mkdirSync(deniedDir);
+
+const allowedFile = path.join(allowedDir, 'a.txt');
+const deniedFile = path.join(deniedDir, 'b.txt');
+fs.writeFileSync(allowedFile, 'allowed');
+fs.writeFileSync(deniedFile, 'denied');
+
+const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+  process.execPath,
+  [
+    '--permission',
+    `--allow-fs-read=${allowedDir}`,
+    fixtures.path('permission', 'has-reference-types.js'),
+  ],
+  {
+    env: {
+      ...process.env,
+      ALLOWED_DIR: allowedDir,
+      ALLOWED_FILE: allowedFile,
+      DENIED_FILE: deniedFile,
+    },
+  },
+);
+
+assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());