diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/locks.py b/Lib/asyncio/locks.py
index c59ea15111bef2b..9aa0313ecfc8744 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/locks.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/locks.py
@@ -488,7 +488,13 @@ def __init__(self, parties):
 
         self._parties = parties
         self._state = _BarrierState.FILLING
-        self._count = 0       # count tasks in Barrier
+        # Tickets of tasks currently in the barrier, in arrival order for
+        # the current round. A task's index is only assigned once the
+        # round's full set of tickets is known (see _release()), so that
+        # a task leaving early (e.g. via cancellation) can't cause a
+        # later arrival to reuse its index.
+        self._present = []
+        self._release_index = {}
 
     def __repr__(self):
         res = super().__repr__()
@@ -514,17 +520,20 @@ async def wait(self):
         """
         async with self._cond:
             await self._block() # Block while the barrier drains or resets.
+            ticket = object()
+            self._present.append(ticket)
             try:
-                index = self._count
-                self._count += 1
-                if index + 1 == self._parties:
+                if len(self._present) == self._parties:
                     # We release the barrier
                     await self._release()
                 else:
                     await self._wait()
-                return index
+                return self._release_index[ticket]
             finally:
-                self._count -= 1
+                try:
+                    self._present.remove(ticket)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
                 # Wake up any tasks waiting for barrier to drain.
                 self._exit()
 
@@ -547,6 +556,13 @@ async def _block(self):
     async def _release(self):
         # Release the tasks waiting in the barrier.
 
+        # Assign each currently-present party (including this task, the
+        # last arrival) a unique index in arrival order, before any of
+        # them get a chance to leave self._present.
+        self._release_index = {
+            ticket: i for i, ticket in enumerate(self._present)
+        }
+
         # Enter draining state.
         # Next waiting tasks will be blocked until the end of draining.
         self._state = _BarrierState.DRAINING
@@ -566,9 +582,10 @@ async def _wait(self):
     def _exit(self):
         # If we are the last tasks to exit the barrier, signal any tasks
         # waiting for the barrier to drain.
-        if self._count == 0:
+        if not self._present:
             if self._state in (_BarrierState.RESETTING, _BarrierState.DRAINING):
                 self._state = _BarrierState.FILLING
+            self._release_index = {}
             self._cond.notify_all()
 
     async def reset(self):
@@ -578,7 +595,7 @@ async def reset(self):
         raised.
         """
         async with self._cond:
-            if self._count > 0:
+            if self._present:
                 if self._state is not _BarrierState.RESETTING:
                     #reset the barrier, waking up tasks
                     self._state = _BarrierState.RESETTING
@@ -605,7 +622,7 @@ def parties(self):
     def n_waiting(self):
         """Return the number of tasks currently waiting at the barrier."""
         if self._state is _BarrierState.FILLING:
-            return self._count
+            return len(self._present)
         return 0
 
     @property
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_locks.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_locks.py
index 320a933e144813d..1f103794af29744 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_locks.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_asyncio/test_locks.py
@@ -1527,6 +1527,39 @@ async def coro():
         self.assertEqual(barrier.n_waiting, 0)
         self.assertFalse(barrier.broken)
 
+    async def test_filling_tasks_cancel_one_index_not_reused(self):
+        # See gh-155233: a task cancelled while the barrier is still
+        # filling used to leave its index available for reuse, so a
+        # later arrival could be assigned the same index as an
+        # already-waiting task from the same round.
+        self.N = 3
+        barrier = asyncio.Barrier(self.N)
+        results = []
+
+        async def coro():
+            i = await barrier.wait()
+            results.append(i)
+
+        t1 = asyncio.create_task(coro())
+        t2 = asyncio.create_task(coro())
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        self.assertEqual(barrier.n_waiting, 2)
+
+        t1.cancel()
+        with self.assertRaises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await t1
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        self.assertEqual(barrier.n_waiting, 1)
+
+        t3 = asyncio.create_task(coro())
+        t4 = asyncio.create_task(coro())
+        await asyncio.gather(t2, t3, t4)
+
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(results), list(range(self.N)))
+        self.assertEqual(barrier.n_waiting, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(barrier.broken)
+
     async def test_reset_barrier(self):
         barrier = asyncio.Barrier(1)
 
@@ -1576,7 +1609,7 @@ async def coro():
                 results1.append(True)
             else:
                 # here drained task outside the barrier
-                if rest_of_tasks == barrier._count:
+                if rest_of_tasks == len(barrier._present):
                     # tasks outside the barrier
                     await barrier.reset()
 
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-08-05-11-15-07.gh-issue-155233.Qm3xLp.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-08-05-11-15-07.gh-issue-155233.Qm3xLp.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..0f3a6e43329b05c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-08-05-11-15-07.gh-issue-155233.Qm3xLp.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Fix :meth:`asyncio.Barrier.wait` reusing the numeric index of a task that
+was cancelled while the barrier was still filling, which could cause two
+tasks in the same successful release to receive the same index.