Replace Apache HttpClient5 with Java's HttpURLConnection

sdk/keyvault/azure-security-keyvault-jca/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 ### Other Changes
 - Added system property `azure.keyvault.jca.disable-aia-download` to disable automatic AIA chain completion. AIA chain completion downloads certificates from URLs embedded in certificate extensions, so this allows locked-down environments to prevent those outbound HTTP(S) requests, mitigating potential SSRF-like attack vectors when loading untrusted certificates. The value is captured when each Key Vault client is initialized and retained for lazy certificate-chain loading, so multiple keystores can use different settings without overwriting one another. Set to `true` to disable (defaults to `false`).
 - Added `KeyVaultJcaPropertyNames` as the central source for the system property names supported by the Azure Key Vault JCA provider. ([#50163](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-java/pull/50163))
+- Replaced Apache HttpClient 5 with the JDK `HttpURLConnection`, removing the Apache HttpClient and SLF4J runtime dependencies.
 
 ## 2.12.0 (2026-07-24)
 

sdk/keyvault/azure-security-keyvault-jca/pom.xml

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-
 <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
@@ -35,12 +34,6 @@
       <version>2.73.11</version> <!-- {x-version-update;org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-lts8on;external_dependency} -->
       <optional>true</optional>
     </dependency>
-    <!-- Apache HttpClient -->
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5</groupId>
-      <artifactId>httpclient5</artifactId>
-      <version>5.4.3</version> <!-- {x-version-update;org.apache.httpcomponents.client5:httpclient5;external_dependency} -->
-    </dependency>
     <!-- Conscrypt -->
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.conscrypt</groupId>
@@ -55,40 +48,6 @@
       <version>1.5.1</version> <!-- {x-version-update;com.azure:azure-json;dependency} -->
       <optional>true</optional>
     </dependency>
-    <!-- SLF4j -->
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
-      <artifactId>slf4j-nop</artifactId>
-      <version>1.7.36</version> <!-- {x-version-update;org.slf4j:slf4j-nop;external_dependency} -->
-    </dependency>
-    <!-- Tests -->
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
-      <artifactId>mockito-inline</artifactId>
-      <version>4.11.0</version> <!-- {x-version-update;org.mockito:mockito-inline;external_dependency} -->
-      <scope>test</scope>
-    </dependency>
-    <!-- bytebuddy dependencies are required for mockito 4.11.0 to work with Java 21. Mockito 4.11.0 is the last release -->
-    <!-- of Mockito supporting Java 8 as a baseline. -->
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>net.bytebuddy</groupId>
-      <artifactId>byte-buddy</artifactId>
-      <version>1.18.11</version> <!-- {x-version-update;testdep_net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy;external_dependency} -->
-      <scope>test</scope>
-    </dependency>
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>net.bytebuddy</groupId>
-      <artifactId>byte-buddy-agent</artifactId>
-      <version>1.18.11</version> <!-- {x-version-update;testdep_net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent;external_dependency} -->
-      <scope>test</scope>
-    </dependency>
-    <!-- For some reason upgrading past Mockito 4.6.1 requires this to be added. -->
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>com.github.spotbugs</groupId>
-      <artifactId>spotbugs-annotations</artifactId>
-      <version>4.8.3</version> <!-- {x-version-update;com.github.spotbugs:spotbugs-annotations;external_dependency} -->
-      <scope>test</scope>
-    </dependency>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>com.azure</groupId>
       <artifactId>azure-core</artifactId>
@@ -218,14 +177,6 @@
                   <pattern>com.azure.json</pattern>
                   <shadedPattern>com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.shaded.com.azure.json</shadedPattern>
                 </relocation>
-                <relocation>
-                  <pattern>org.apache.hc</pattern>
-                  <shadedPattern>com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.shaded.org.apache.hc</shadedPattern>
-                </relocation>
-                <relocation>
-                  <pattern>org.slf4j</pattern>
-                  <shadedPattern>com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.shaded.org.slf4j</shadedPattern>
-                </relocation>
               </relocations>
               <transformers>
                 <transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ServicesResourceTransformer"/>
@@ -266,8 +217,6 @@
               <includes>
                 <include>org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-lts8on:[2.73.11]</include> <!-- {x-include-update;org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-lts8on;external_dependency} -->
                 <include>org.conscrypt:conscrypt-openjdk-uber:[2.5.2]</include> <!-- {x-include-update;org.conscrypt:conscrypt-openjdk-uber;external_dependency} -->
-                <include>org.apache.httpcomponents.client5:httpclient5:[5.4.3]</include> <!-- {x-include-update;org.apache.httpcomponents.client5:httpclient5;external_dependency} -->
-                <include>org.slf4j:slf4j-nop:[1.7.36]</include> <!-- {x-include-update;org.slf4j:slf4j-nop;external_dependency} -->
               </includes>
             </bannedDependencies>
           </rules>

sdk/keyvault/azure-security-keyvault-jca/src/main/java/com/azure/security/keyvault/jca/KeyVaultJcaProvider.java

@@ -3,20 +3,17 @@
 
 package com.azure.security.keyvault.jca;
 
-import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessRsa256Signature;
-import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessRsa512Signature;
+import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessEcSha256Signature;
 import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessEcSha384Signature;
 import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessEcSha512Signature;
-import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessEcSha256Signature;
-import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.AbstractKeyVaultKeylessSignature;
+import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessRsa256Signature;
+import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessRsa512Signature;
 import com.azure.security.keyvault.jca.implementation.signature.KeyVaultKeylessRsaSsaPssSignature;
 
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
 import java.security.Provider;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
-import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 /**
  * The Azure Key Vault security provider.
@@ -48,6 +45,7 @@ public final class KeyVaultJcaProvider extends Provider {
     /**
      * Constructor.
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
     public KeyVaultJcaProvider() {
         super(PROVIDER_NAME, VERSION, INFO);
         initialize();
@@ -74,21 +72,20 @@ private void initialize() {
                 Collections.singletonList("DKS"), null));
             putService(new Provider.Service(this, "KeyStore", KeyVaultKeyStore.ALGORITHM_NAME,
                 KeyVaultKeyStore.class.getName(), Collections.singletonList(KeyVaultKeyStore.ALGORITHM_NAME), null));
-            Stream
-                .of(KeyVaultKeylessRsaSsaPssSignature.class, KeyVaultKeylessRsa256Signature.class,
-                    KeyVaultKeylessRsa512Signature.class, KeyVaultKeylessEcSha256Signature.class,
-                    KeyVaultKeylessEcSha384Signature.class, KeyVaultKeylessEcSha512Signature.class)
-                .forEach(c -> putService(new Service(this, "Signature", getAlgorithmName(c), c.getName(), null, null)));
+
+            putService(new Service(this, "Signature", KeyVaultKeylessRsaSsaPssSignature.ALGORITHM_NAME,
+                KeyVaultKeylessRsaSsaPssSignature.class.getName(), null, null));
+            putService(new Service(this, "Signature", KeyVaultKeylessRsa256Signature.ALGORITHM_NAME,
+                KeyVaultKeylessRsa256Signature.class.getName(), null, null));
+            putService(new Service(this, "Signature", KeyVaultKeylessRsa512Signature.ALGORITHM_NAME,
+                KeyVaultKeylessRsa512Signature.class.getName(), null, null));
+            putService(new Service(this, "Signature", KeyVaultKeylessEcSha256Signature.ALGORITHM_NAME,
+                KeyVaultKeylessEcSha256Signature.class.getName(), null, null));
+            putService(new Service(this, "Signature", KeyVaultKeylessEcSha384Signature.ALGORITHM_NAME,
+                KeyVaultKeylessEcSha384Signature.class.getName(), null, null));
+            putService(new Service(this, "Signature", KeyVaultKeylessEcSha512Signature.ALGORITHM_NAME,
+                KeyVaultKeylessEcSha512Signature.class.getName(), null, null));
             return null;
         });
     }
-
-    private String getAlgorithmName(Class<? extends AbstractKeyVaultKeylessSignature> c) {
-        try {
-            return c.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance().getAlgorithmName();
-        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException
-            | NoSuchMethodException e) {
-            return "";
-        }
-    }
 }

sdk/keyvault/azure-security-keyvault-jca/src/main/java/com/azure/security/keyvault/jca/KeyVaultTrustManagerFactoryProvider.java

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ public final class KeyVaultTrustManagerFactoryProvider extends Provider {
     /**
      * Constructor.
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
     public KeyVaultTrustManagerFactoryProvider() {
         super(NAME, VERSION, INFO);
         initialize();

sdk/keyvault/azure-security-keyvault-jca/src/main/java/com/azure/security/keyvault/jca/implementation/KeyVaultClient.java

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Base64;
-import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
@@ -251,19 +251,19 @@ private AccessToken obtainAccessToken() {
                 managedIdentity = URLEncoder.encode(managedIdentity, "UTF-8");
             }
 
-            // Priority: 1. Service Principal (Client ID/Secret), 2. Workload Identity, 3. Managed Identity, 4. Provided Access Token
+            // Priority: 1. Service Principal, 2. Workload Identity, 3. User-assigned Managed Identity,
+            // 4. Provided Access Token, 5. System-assigned Managed Identity.
             if (tenantId != null && clientId != null && clientSecret != null) {
                 LOGGER.info("Using client credentials (client ID/secret) for authentication");
                 String aadAuthenticationUri = getLoginUri(keyVaultUri + "certificates" + API_VERSION_POSTFIX,
                     disableChallengeResourceVerification);
-                result
-                    = AccessTokenUtil.getAccessToken(resource, aadAuthenticationUri, tenantId, clientId, clientSecret);
+                result = getAccessToken(resource, aadAuthenticationUri, tenantId, clientId, clientSecret);
             } else if (AccessTokenUtil.isWorkloadIdentityAvailable(clientId, tenantId)) {
                 LOGGER.info("Using workload identity for authentication");
                 result = AccessTokenUtil.getAccessTokenWithWorkloadIdentity(keyVaultBaseUri, tenantId, clientId);
             } else if (managedIdentity != null) {
                 LOGGER.info("Using managed identity for authentication");
-                result = AccessTokenUtil.getAccessToken(resource, managedIdentity);
+                result = getAccessToken(resource, managedIdentity);
             } else if (providedAccessToken != null && !providedAccessToken.isEmpty()) {
                 LOGGER.info("Using provided access token for authentication");
                 // Create an AccessToken object from the provided token string
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ private AccessToken obtainAccessToken() {
                 result = new AccessToken(providedAccessToken, Long.MAX_VALUE / 1000);
             } else {
                 LOGGER.info("Using managed identity for authentication (default)");
-                result = AccessTokenUtil.getAccessToken(resource, null);
+                result = getAccessToken(resource, null);
             }
         } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
             LOGGER.log(WARNING, "Could not obtain access token to authenticate with.", e);
@@ -292,15 +292,12 @@ private AccessToken obtainAccessToken() {
     public List<String> getAliases() {
         LOGGER.entering("KeyVaultClient", "getAliases");
 
-        ArrayList<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
-        HashMap<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
-
-        headers.put("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
-
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        Map<String, String> headers = Collections.singletonMap("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
         String uri = keyVaultUri + "certificates" + API_VERSION_POSTFIX;
 
         while (uri != null && !uri.isEmpty()) {
-            String response = HttpUtil.get(uri, headers);
+            String response = httpGet(uri, headers);
             CertificateListResult certificateListResult = null;
 
             if (response != null) {
@@ -346,12 +343,8 @@ private CertificateBundle getCertificateBundle(String alias) {
         LOGGER.entering("KeyVaultClient", "getCertificateBundle", alias);
 
         CertificateBundle result = null;
-        HashMap<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
-
-        headers.put("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
-
-        String uri = keyVaultUri + "certificates/" + alias + API_VERSION_POSTFIX;
-        String response = HttpUtil.get(uri, headers);
+        String response = httpGet(keyVaultUri + "certificates/" + alias + API_VERSION_POSTFIX,
+            Collections.singletonMap("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken()));
 
         if (response != null) {
             try {
@@ -466,11 +459,8 @@ public Certificate[] getCertificateChainForVersion(CertificateVersion certificat
             return new Certificate[0];
         }
 
-        HashMap<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
-
-        headers.put("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
-
-        String response = HttpUtil.get(certificateVersion.getSecretId() + API_VERSION_POSTFIX, headers);
+        String response = httpGet(certificateVersion.getSecretId() + API_VERSION_POSTFIX,
+            Collections.singletonMap("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken()));
 
         if (response == null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to load certificate chain response for alias: " + alias);
@@ -533,7 +523,8 @@ public Key getKeyForVersion(CertificateVersion certificateVersion, char[] passwo
 
         if (!exportable) {
             // Keyless signing uses the versioned key ID instead of exporting private key material.
-            String keyAlgorithm = keyType.contains("-HSM") ? keyType.substring(0, keyType.indexOf("-HSM")) : keyType;
+            String keyAlgorithm
+                = keyType != null && keyType.contains("-HSM") ? keyType.substring(0, keyType.indexOf("-HSM")) : keyType;
 
             KeyVaultPrivateKey key = Optional.ofNullable(certificateVersion.getKeyId())
                 .map(keyId -> new KeyVaultPrivateKey(keyAlgorithm, keyId, this))
@@ -548,11 +539,9 @@ public Key getKeyForVersion(CertificateVersion certificateVersion, char[] passwo
         if (certificateSecretUri == null) {
             return null;
         }
-        Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
-
-        headers.put("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
 
-        String body = HttpUtil.get(certificateSecretUri + API_VERSION_POSTFIX, headers);
+        String body = httpGet(certificateSecretUri + API_VERSION_POSTFIX,
+            Collections.singletonMap("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken()));
 
         if (body == null) {
             // If the private key is not available the certificate cannot be used for server side certificates or mTLS.
@@ -621,13 +610,10 @@ public byte[] getSignedWithPrivateKey(String digestName, String digestValue, Str
         LOGGER.entering("KeyVaultClient", "getSignedWithPrivateKey", new Object[] { digestName, digestValue, keyId });
 
         SignResult result = null;
-        String bodyString = String.format("{\"alg\": \"" + digestName + "\", \"value\": \"%s\"}", digestValue);
-        Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
-
-        headers.put("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
-
+        String bodyString = "{\"alg\": \"" + digestName + "\", \"value\": \"" + digestValue + "\"}";
+        Map<String, String> headers = Collections.singletonMap("Authorization", "Bearer " + getAccessToken());
         String uri = keyId + "/sign" + API_VERSION_POSTFIX;
-        String response = HttpUtil.post(uri, headers, bodyString, "application/json");
+        String response = httpPost(uri, headers, bodyString);
 
         if (response != null) {
             try {
@@ -702,4 +688,21 @@ private PrivateKey createPrivateKeyFromPem(String pemString, String keyType)
 
         return privateKey;
     }
+
+    String httpGet(String uri, Map<String, String> headers) {
+        return HttpUtil.get(uri, headers);
+    }
+
+    String httpPost(String uri, Map<String, String> headers, String body) {
+        return HttpUtil.post(uri, headers, body, "application/json");
+    }
+
+    AccessToken getAccessToken(String resource, String identity) {
+        return AccessTokenUtil.getAccessToken(resource, identity);
+    }
+
+    AccessToken getAccessToken(String resource, String aadAuthenticationUri, String tenantId, String clientId,
+        String clientSecret) {
+        return AccessTokenUtil.getAccessToken(resource, aadAuthenticationUri, tenantId, clientId, clientSecret);
+    }
 }

sdk/keyvault/azure-security-keyvault-jca/src/main/java/com/azure/security/keyvault/jca/implementation/certificates/ClasspathCertificates.java

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public void deleteEntry(String alias) {
      */
     public void loadCertificatesFromClasspath() {
         try {
-            String[] filenames = getFilenames("/keyvault");
+            String[] filenames = getFilenames();
             for (String filename : filenames) {
                 try (InputStream inputStream = getClass().getResourceAsStream("/keyvault/" + filename)) {
                     String alias = filename;
@@ -147,13 +147,12 @@ public void loadCertificatesFromClasspath() {
     /**
      * Get the filenames.
      *
-     * @param path the path.
      * @return the filenames.
      * @throws IOException when an I/O error occurs.
      */
-    private String[] getFilenames(String path) throws IOException {
+    private String[] getFilenames() throws IOException {
         List<String> filenames = new ArrayList<>();
-        try (InputStream in = getClass().getResourceAsStream(path)) {
+        try (InputStream in = getClass().getResourceAsStream("/keyvault")) {
             if (!Objects.isNull(in)) {
                 try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
                     String resource;